Military Land Allotments in Ancient Egypt
Muhs Brian
The ancient Egyptians had a long tradition of allotting land to soldiers. From the beginning of the sixteenth century BC at the latest, land in Egypt and possibly in Nubia as well was sometimes given to demobilized Egyptian and foreign soldiers as a reward for service and possibly as a means of support between military campaigns. From the seventh century BC onwards, some land in Egypt appears to have carried an explicit obligation for its holders for military service when called for duty. These traditions are distinct from the Athenian system of cleruchies in the sixth through fourth centuries BC, in which the service obligation was linked to citizenship. Consequently, both the Egyptian traditions and the Athenian system may have informed and influenced the Ptolemaic system of cleruchies in Egypt in the fourth through second centuries BC, as Michael Rostovtzeff suggested already in 1941.
Библиография:
Antoine, J.-C. 2014: Social Position and the Organization of Landholding in Ramesside Egypt: An Analysis of the Wilbour Papyrus. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 43, 17–41.
Bassir, H. 2016: Neshor at Elephantine in Late Saite Egypt. Journal of Egyptian History 9/1, 66–95.
Cavillier, G. 2002: Gli Shardana dell’Egitto o l’Egitto degli Shardana? La visione del mercenario nell’Egitto Ramesside. Aegyptus 82, 67–80.
Cavillier, G. 2010: The Sherden in Nubia at the End of the Ramesside Age: New Perspectives and Researches. In: W. Godlewski, A. Łajtar (eds.), Between the Cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian Studies, Warsaw University, 27 August–2 September 2006. Pt. 2. Session Papers. Warsaw, 461–463.
Cavillier, G. 2015: From the Mediterranean Sea to the Nile: New Perspectives and Researches on the Sherden in Egypt. In: P. Kousoulis, N. Lazaridis (eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists: University of the Aegean, Rhodes. 22–29 May 2008. Vol. I. Leuven, 631–638.
Crawford, D.J. 1971: Kerkeosiris: An Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period. Cambridge.
Cruz-Uribe, E. 1985: Saite and Persian Demotic Cattle Document. A Study in Legal Forms and Principles in Ancient Egypt. Chico (CA).
Emanuel, J.P. 2013: Sherden from the Sea: The Arrival, Integration, and Acculturation of a Sea People. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 5/1, 14–27.
Erichsen, W. 1941: Erwähnung eines Zuges nach Nubien unter Amasis in einem demotischen Text. Klio 34, 56–61.
Fischer-Bovet, C. 2013: Egyptian Warriors: The machimoi of Herodotus and the Ptolemaic Army. Classical Quarterly 63/1, 209–236.
Fischer-Bovet, C. 2014: Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge.
Gardiner, A.H. 1905: The Inscription of Mes. A Contribution to the Study of Egyptian Juridical Procedure. Leipzig.
Gardiner, A.H. 1948: The Wilbour Papyrus. Vol. II. Commentary. Oxford. Gnirs, A.M. 2013: Coping with the Army: The Military and the State in the New Kingdom. In: J.C. Moreno García (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Administration. Leiden, 639–717.
Grandet, P. 1994: Le Papyrus Harris I. T. I–II. Cairo.
Habachi, L. 1954: Khatâ’na-Qantîr: Importance. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 52, 443–562.
Helck, W. 1975: Historisch-Biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und Neue Texte der 18. Dynastie. Wiesbaden.
Helck, W. 1976: Einige Bemerkungen zu Artikeln in SAK 2. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 4, 115–124.
Higginbotham, C.R. 2000: Egyptianization and Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine. Governance and Accommodation on the Imperial Periphery. Leiden.
Kaplony-Heckel, U. 1973: Ein neuer demotischer Papyrus aus der Zeit des Königs Hakoris (Sammlung Michaelides). Enchoria 3, 5–20.
Katary, S.L.D. 1989: Land Tenure in the Ramesside Period. London–New York.
Katary, S.L.D. 1999: Land-tenure in the New Kingdom: The Role of Women Smallholders and the Military. In: A.K. Bowman, E. Rogan (eds.), Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times. Oxford, 61–82.
Kessler, D. 1975: Eine Landschenkung Ramses III. Zugunsten eines ‘Grossen der Thrw’ aus Mr-mšc.f. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 2, 103–134.
Leahy, A.M. 1985: The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation. Libyan Studies 16, 51–65.
Lichtheim, M. 1976: Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. II. The New Kingdom. Berkeley.
Lloyd, A.B. 1988: Herodotus, Book II: Commentary 99–182. Leiden.
Loret, V. 1910: L’inscription d’Ahmès fils d’Abana. Cairo.
Masson, O. 1978: Carian Inscriptions from North Saqqâra and Buhen. London.
Meeks, D. 1979: Les donations aux temples dans l’Égypte du Ier millénaire avant J.-C. In: E. Lipiński (ed.), State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East. Vol. II. Leuven, 605–687.
Morkot, R. 1991: Nubia in the New Kingdom: The Limits of Egyptian Control. In: W.V. Davies (ed.), Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London, 294–301.
Morkot, R. 1995: The Economy of Nubia in the New Kingdom. Société Urbaines en Égypte et au Soudan. Cahier de recherches de l'Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille 17, 175–190.
Morkot, R. 2013: From Conquered to Conqueror: The Organization of Nubia in the New Kingdom and the Kushite Administration of Egypt. In: J.-C Moreno García (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Administration. Leiden, 911–963.
Morris, E.F. 2005: The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Leiden–Boston.
Morris, E.F. 2015: Exchange, Extraction, and the Politics of Ideological Money Laundering in Egypt’s New Kingdom Empire. In: B. Eder, R. Pruzsinszky (eds.), Policies of Exchange: Political Systems and Modes of Interaction in the Aegean and the Near East in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the University of Freiburg Institute for Archaeological Studies, 30th May – 2nd June 2012. Vienna, 167–190.
Na’aman, N. 1981: Economic Aspects of the Egyptian Occupation of Canaan. Israel Exploration Journal 31, 172–185.
O’Connor, D. 1972: The Geography of Settlement in Ancient Egypt. In: P. Ucko, R. Tringham, G.W. Dimbleby (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism. London, 681–698.
O’Connor, D. 1990: The Nature of Tjemhu (Libyan) Society in the Later New Kingdom. In: A.M. Leahy (ed.), Libya and Egypt: c1300–750 BC. London, 29–113.
Pestman, P.W. 1994: Les papyrus démotiques de Tsenhor (P. Tsenhor): les archives privées d’une femme égyptienne du temps de Darius Ier. Leuven.
Porten, B. 1968: Archives From Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony. Berkeley.
Préaux, C. 1939: L’économie royale des Lagides. Brussels.
Ray, J.D. 1982: The Carian Inscriptions from Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68, 181–198.
Ritner, R.K. 1990: The End of the Libyan Anarchy in Egypt: P. Rylands IX. Cols. 11–12. Enchoria 17, 101–108.
Ritner, R.K. 2009a: Fragmentation and Re-integration in the Third Intermediate Period. In: G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demaree, O.E. Kaper (eds.), The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st–24th Dynasties: Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University, 25–27 October 2007. Leiden–Leuven, 327–340.
Ritner, R.K., 2009b: Egypt and the Vanishing Libyan: Institutional Responses to a Nomadic People. In: J. Szuchman (ed.), Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Chicago, 43–56.
Rostovtzeff, M. 1941: The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Vol. I–III. Oxford.
Schäfer, H. 1904: Die Auswanderung der Krieger unter Psammetich I. und der Söldneraufstand in Elephantine unter Apries. Klio 4, 152–163.
Schulman, A.R. 1964: Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Berlin.
Schütze, A. 2016: The Standard of Living of the Judean Military Colony at Elephantine in Persian Period Egypt. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 12, 41–49.
Spalinger, A.J. 2005: War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Oxford.
Spiegelberg, W. 1931: Die demotischen papyri Loeb. Munich.
Spiegelberg, W. 1932: Die demotischen Denkmäler 3: Demotische Inschriften und Papyri (Fortsetzung: 50023 – 50165). Berlin.
Thissen, H.J. 1994: Varia onomastica. Göttinger Miszellen 141, 89–95.
Vittmann, G. 1998: Der demotische Papyrus Rylands 9. Teil 1. Text und Übersetzung. Wiesbaden.
Vittmann, G. 1999: Kursivhieratische und frühdemotische Miszellen. Enchoria 25, 111–127.
Vittmann, G. 2003: Ägypten und die Fremden im ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausend. Mainz.
Vittmann, G. 2015: Two Administrative Letters from Meidum (P. Ashmolean 1984.87 and 1984.89). In: F. Haikal (éd.), Mélanges offerts à Ola el-Aguizy. Cairo, 433–450.
Vleeming, S.P. 1984: P. Meermanno-Westreenianum 44. In: H.-J. Thissen, K.-T. Zauzich (Hrsg.), Grammata Demotika, Festschrift für Erich Lüddeckens zum 15. Juni 1983. Würzburg, 257–269.
Vleeming, S.P. 1991: The Gooseherds of Hou (Pap. Hou). Leuven.
Winnicki, J.K. 1986: Zwei Studien über die Kalasirier. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 17, 17–32.
Zauzich, K.T. 1992: Ein Zug nach Nubien unter Amasis. In: J.H. Johnson (ed.), Life in a Multi- Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond. Chicago, 361–364.