Рабство в текстах из Эмара эпохи поздней бронзы
Александров Борис Евгеньевич
В статье рассматриваются категории населения древнего Эмара XIV– XII вв. до н.э., обозначавшиеся в текстах терминами ÌR (ardu «раб»), GEMÉ (amtu «рабыня»), SAG (rēšu «голова»), ZI (napištu «душа»), TUR (ṣuhāru «слуга, раб»). Статус этих людей можно охарактеризовать как рабский. Среди них преобладали частновладельческие рабы. Большинство рабов составляли женщины и дети. Преимущественной сферой исполь- зования рабского труда было, вероятно, домашнее хозяйство. Данные об использовании рабов в сельском хозяйстве и ремесле в текстах отсутствуют. Контингент рабов пополнялся за счет внутренних источников (преступники, неоплатные должники, самовоспроизводство и т.д.), поступление невольников извне было незначительным. Термины ÌR и GEMÉ могли также использоваться в расширительном значении, обозначая людей, отданных кредитору за долги. Особенность их статуса заключалась в возмож- ности его прекращения вне зависимости от воли хозяина, при условии выплаты долга.
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