Kings and “Kings”: Personal Power and Problems in the Reconstruction of the Political History of Pre-Roman Britain
Baryshnikov Anton Ye.
Late Pre-Roman Iron age and early Roman period of British history were the time of significant change almost in every aspect of local communities’ life. In political sphere, this was the time of the rise of personal power (above all, the power of “kings”), the development of political organization, the emergence of “kingdoms” and “dynasties”. The paper considers problems of reconstructing the political history of this period, discusses the perspectives and some new directions of research. Special attention is paid to the question of terminology used by ancient writers and modern scholars to denote powerful individuals in the British communities of the first cent. BC – first cent. AD
References:
Barlow, J. 1998: Noble Gauls and their other in Caesar’s propaganda. In: K. Welch, A. Powell (eds.), Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments. Swansea, 139–169.
Baryshnikov, A.E. 2015: [How many Togidubni are needed to conquer Britain?]. In: Drevnosti [Antiquities]. Issue 13. Kharkov, 38–48.
Барышников, А.Е. Сколько нужно Тогидубнов для покорения Британии? В сб.: Древности. Вып. 13. Харьков, 38–48.
Braund, D. 1984: Rome and the Friendly King: the Character of Client Kingship. London–Canberra.
Braund, D. 1996: Ruling Roman Britain: Kings, Queens, Governors and Emperors from Julius Caesar to Agricola. London–New York.
Byrne, F.J. 1973: Irish Kings and High Kings. London.
Champion, T.C. 1990: Medieval archaeology and the tyranny of historical record. In: D. Austin, L. Alcock (eds.), From the Baltic to the Black Sea. London.
Champion, T.C. 2016: Britain before the Romans. In: M. Millett, L. Revell, A. Moore (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain. Oxford, 150–178.
Cheesman, C.E.A. 1998: Tincomarus Commi filius. Britannia 29, 309–315.
Collis, J. 2007: The polities of Gaul, Britain, and Ireland in the Late Iron Age. In: C. Haselgrove, T. Moore (eds.), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford, 523–528.
Creighton, J. 2000: Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge.
Creighton, J. 2001: Burning Kings. Britannia 32, 401–404.
Creighton, J. 2006: Britannia. The Creation of Roman Province. London–New York.
Creighton, J. 2009: Herod’s contemporaries in Britain and the West. In: D.M. Jacobson, N. Kokkinos (eds.), Herod and Augustus: Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st – 23rd June 2005. Leiden, 361–382.
Crumley, C.L. 1987: A dialectical critique of hierarchy. In: T.C. Patterson, C.W. Gailey (eds.), Power Relations and State Formation. Washington, 155–169.
Crumley, C.L. 1995: Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. Archaeological Papers of American Anthropological Association 6(1), 1–5.
Crumley, C.L. 2001: Communication, holism, and the evolution of sociopolitical complexity. In: J. Haas (ed.), From Leaders to Rulers. New York, 19–33.
Crummy, P. et al. 2007: Stanway: An Élite Burial Site at Camulodunum. London.
Cunliffe, B. 2012: Britain Begins. Oxford.
Fitzpatrick, A. 2007: The fire, the feast and the funeral. Late Iron Age mortuary practices in south-eastern England. In: V. Kruta, G. Leman-Delerive (eds.), Feux des morts, foyers des vivants. Les rites et symboles du feu dans les tombes de l'Âge du Fer et de l'époque romaine. Lille.
Foster, J. 1986: The Lexden Tumulus: A Re-Appraisal of an Iron Age Burial from Colchsester, Essex. Oxford.
Fulford, M. 1993: Silchester: the early development of a civitas capital. In: S.J. Greep (ed.), Roman Towns: the Wheeler Inheritance. A Review of 50 Years’ Research. York, 16–33.
García Quintela, M.V. 2005: Celtic elements in Northwestern Spain in pre-Roman times. e-Keltoi 6, 467–569.
Garland, N.J. 2017: Territorial Oppida and the Transformation of Landscape and Society in South-Eastern Britain from BC 300 to 100 AD. PhD Thesis, University College London. URL: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1542261/7/Garland_Nicky_PhD%20thesis_FINAL%20%28third%20party%20copyright%20material%20removed%29.pdf
Gibson, D.B. 2008: Celtic democracy: appreciating the role played by alliances and elections in Celtic political systems. In: Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. Vol. 28. Cambridge (MA), 40–62.
Going, A. 1990: Tacitus and the client kings. Transactions of American Philological Association 120, 315–331.
Harding, D.W. 2016: Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain. Oxford.
Haselgrove, C. 1987: Iron Age Coinage in South-East England: The Archaeological Context. Oxford.
Haselgrove, C. 2004: Society and polity in Late Iron Age Britain. In: M. Todd (ed.), A Companion to Roman Britain. Oxford, 12–29.
Haselgrove, C. 2016: Cartimandua’s Capital? The Late Iron Age Royal Site at Stanwick, North Yorkshire, Fieldwork and Analysis 1981–2011. Oxford.
Haselgrove, C., Moore, T. 2007: New Narratives of the Late Iron Age. In C. Haselgrove, T. Moore (eds.), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford, 1–15.
Henig, M., Nash, D. 1982: Amminus and the kingdom of Verica. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 1 (2), 243–246.
Hill, J.D. 2007: The dynamics of social change in later Iron Age eastern and south-eastern England. In: C. Haselgrove, T. Moore (eds.), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford, 16–40.
Hill, J.D. 1995: The pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain and Ireland (ca. 800 BC to AD 100): an overview. Journal of World Prehistory 9 (1), 47–98.
Hoffmann, B. 2013: The Roman Invasion of Britain. Archaeology Versus History. Barnsley.
Hurst, H. 2016: The textual and archaeological evidence. In: M. Millett, L. Revell, A. Moore (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain. Oxford, 95–116.
Kazakevich, G.M. 2018: [Power and society of the Iron Age Celts: sources re-considered]. Stratum plus 4, 17–31.
Казакевич, Г.М. Власть и общество у древних кельтов: опыт пере-осмысления источников. Stratum plus 4, 17–31.
Lamb, A. 2016: The rise of the individual in Late Iron Age Southern Britain and beyond. Chronika 6, 26–40.
Mattingly, D. 2006: An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 54 B.C. – A.D. 409. London.
Mattingly, D. 2011: Imperialism, Power and Identity Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton.
Mays, M. 1992: Inscriptions on British Celtic coins. Numismatic Chronicle 152, 57–82.
Moore, T. 2011: Detribalizing the later prehistoric past: the concepts of tribes in Iron Age and Roman studies. Journal of Social Archaeology 11, 334–360.
Moore, T. 2017: Beyond Iron Age ‘towns’: examining oppida as examples of low-density urbanism. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 36 (3), 287–305.
Mutschler, F.-H. 1975: Erzählstil und Propaganda in Caesars Kommentarien. Heidelberg.
Nash Briggs, D. 2011: The language of inscriptions on Icenian coinage. In: J.A. Davies (ed.), The Iron Age in Northern East Anglia: New Work in the Land of the Iceni. Oxford, 83–102.
Niblett, R. 1999: The Excavation of a Ceremonial Site at Folly Lane, Verulamium. London.
Niblett, R. 2004: The native elite and their funerary practices from the first cen-tury BC to Nero. In: M. Todd (ed.), A Companion to Roman Britain. London, 30–41.
Pitts, M. 2010: Re-thinking the southern British oppida: networks, kingdoms and material culture. European Journal of Archaeology 13 (1), 32–63.
Pitts, M. 2014: Reconsidering Britain’s first urban communities. Journal of Roman Archaeology 27, 133–173.
Pitts, M., Perring, D. 2006: The making of Britain’s first urban landscape: the case of Late Iron Age and Roman Essex. Britannia 37, 189–212.
Rambaud, M. 1966: L’art de la déformation historique dans les Commentaires de César. 2e éd. revue et augmentée. Paris.
Randsborg, K. 2015: Roman Reflections. Iron Age to Viking Age in Northern Europe. London–New York.
Stead, I.M. 1967: A La Tène Burial III at Welwyn Garden. Archaeologia 101, 1–62.
Shirokova, N.S. 2016: Rimskaya Britaniya. Ocherki istorii i kultury [Roman Britain. Essays of history and culture]. Saint Petersburg.
Широкова, Н.С. Римская Британия. Очерки истории и культуры. СПб.
Stewart, P.N.C. 1995: Inventing Britain: The Roman creation and adaptation of image. Britannia 26, 1–10.
Talbot, J. 2017: Made for Trade. A New View of Icenian Coinage. Oxford.
Thurston, T. 2002: Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict. State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age. New York.
Thurston, T. 2010: Bitter arrows and generous gifts: what was a ‘king’ in the European Iron Age? In: T.D. Price, G.M. Feinman (eds.), Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality. New York, 193–254.
Van Arsdell, R.D. 1989: Celtic Coinage of Britain. London.
Williams, J. 2001: Coin inscriptions and the origins of writing in pre-Roman Britain. British Numismatic Journal 71, 1–17.