ТО ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΝΤΟΥ ΠΟΛΙΩΝ в южном Причерноморье
Saprykin Sergey Yu.
The article is devoted to the so-called Commonality of Pontus, which united the Greek cities on the southern coast of the Black Sea, to its relations with the North and West Black Sea Coast, as well as to the reasons of turning Amastris, Heraclea Pontica, Amasea, Neocaesarea into its metropoleis – capital cities of the Commonality. It was initially created in the Roman province of Bithynia–Pontus in the age of Augustus and incorporated the poleis of the Pontic part of the province. Amastris was its capital at that time. Under the Flavians and during the early years of Trajan the Commonality was subjected to the provincial administration of Bithynia–Pontus. Later on, the Pontic koinon with Heraclea as its capital got more autonomy, and under Adrian’s rule appeared to be nominally independent, though remained under the Roman control. After the creation of non-administrative Pontus Mediterraneus and the merging of provinces Galatia and Cappadocia, the Commonality of Pontus became a large koinon which included coastal cities in the Pontic eparcheia of Bithynia–Pontus, Pontus Galaticus and Pontus Cappadocicus, with Amasea and Neocaesarea as capitals. In the Severan period the former integrated union was divided between the Commonality of poleis in Pontus Galaticus with Amasea at the head, joined by the coastal cities of the Pontic eparcheia as a part of Bithynia–Pontus, and the Commonality of cities in Pontus Polemonianus with Neocaesarea as metropoly. When in AD 230 a new province of Pontus was created, a unified koinon of Pontus was formed too. It united the poleis of Pontus Polemonianus, headed by Neocaesarea, the former Pontus Galaticus along with the Greek centers of the Pontic eparcheia in the province of Bithynia–Pontus (separated from the koinon of Bithynian cities). Neocaesarea sometimes shared the functions of the capital with Heraclea Pontica. The union of Pontic cities was a nonadministrative body, formed by poleis from different eparchies and provinces known as “Pontus” or “Pontic”, because they consisted of regions which earlier had been part of the Pontic kingdom. This Commonality was functioning until the end of the third quarter of the third century AD.
References:
Akkaya, T. 1994: Herakleìa Pontìke (Karadenìz Ereğlìsì)’ nìn tarìhî gelìşìmì ve eskìeserlerì. Ìstanbul.
Ameling, W. 1984: Das Archontat in Bithynien und die Lex Provinciae des Pompeius. Epigraphica Anatolica 3, 19–31.
Ameling, W. 1985: Die Inschriften von Prusias ad Hypium. Bonn.
Anderson, J.G.C. 1900: Pontica. Journal of Hellenic Studies 20, 151–158.
Anderson, J.G.C. 1939: Two Anatolian notes: Pompey’s treatment of Pontus. Anatolian Studies Presented to W.H. Buckler. Manchester, 3–7.
Avram, A. 2013: Prosopographia Ponti Euxini externa. Leuven–Paris.
Bosch, C. 1935: Die Kleinasiatische Münzen der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Bd II. Ht 1. Stuttgart.
Bosworth, A.B. 1999: Augustus, the res gestae and Hellenistic theories of apotheosis. Journal of Roman Studies 89, 1–18.
Bowersock, G. 1965: Augustus and the Greek World. Oxford.
Brandis, E. 1897: Bithynia. In: RE. Hlbd 5, 507–539.
Burrell, B. 2004: Neokoroi. Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden.
Chapot, V. 1923: La frontière nord de la Galatie et les koina du Pont. Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir W.M. Ramsay. Manchester, 93–107.
Cumont, F. 1901: Le pontarque et l’ ἀρχιερεύς Πόντου. Revue des Études Grecques 14, 138–141.
Cumont, F. 1903: La Galatie maritime de Ptolémée. Revue des Études Grecques 16, 25–27.
Cumont, F. 1922: L’annexation de Pont Polémonique et de la Petite Arménie. Anatolian Studies Presented to W.H. Ramsay. Manchester, 101–119.
Dalaison, J. 2016: Néocorie et koinon: les attestations et représentations du culte impérial fédéral sur les monnaies provinciales romaines du nord de l’Asie mineure (Pont, Paphlagonie et Arménie mineure). In: M. Vitale et al. (eds), Kaiserkult in den Provinzen des römischen Reiches: Organisation, Kommunikation und Repräsentation. Berlin, 189–228.
Deininger, J. 1965: Die Provinziallandtage der römischen Kaiserzeit von Augustus bis zum Ende des dritten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. München.
Dignas, B. 2002: Economy of the Sacred in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Oxford.
Doublet, G. 1889: Inscriptions de Paphlagonie. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 13, 293–319.
Dreizehnter, A. 1975: Pompeius als Städtegründer. Chiron 5, 213–241.
Fernoux, H.-L. 2004: Notables et élites des cités de Bithynie aux époques hellénistique et romaine (IIIe siècle av. J.-C. – IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). Lyon.
French, D. 1981: Milestones of Pontus, Galatia, Phrygia and Lycia. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 43, 149–174.
French, D. 1984: Classis Pontica. Epigraphica Anatolica 4, 49–58.
Friesen, C.J.P. 2015: Reading Dionysus. Tübingen.
Frolova, N.A, 1997: Monetnoe delo Bospora [The Coinage of the Bosporus]. Pt.I. Moscow.
Фролова, Н.А. Монетное дело Боспора. Ч. 1. М.
Grueber, H.A. 1910: Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London.
Guerber, E. 2009: Les cités grecques dans l’Empire romain. Les privilèges et les titres des cités de l’Orient hellénophone d’Octave Auguste à Dioclétien. Rennes.
Guiraud, M. 1887: Les assemblées provinciales dans l’Empire romain. Paris.
Harris, B.F. 1980: Bithynia: Roman sovereignty and the survival of Hellenism. In: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischer Welt. Bd II. 7. 2, 857–901.
Hänsch, R. 1997: Capita provinciarum. Statthaltersitze und Provinzialverwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Mainz am Rhein.
Heller, A. 2006: Les bêtises des Grecs. Conflits et rivalité entre cités d’Asie et de Bithynie à l’époque romaine (129 a. C.– 235 p. C.). Bordeaux–Paris.
Hoben, W.1969: Untersuchungen zur Stellung kleinasiatischen Dynasten in der Machtkämpfen der ausgehenden römischen Republik. Mainz.
Il’yashenko, S.M. 2013: Standartnye dipinti na uzkogorlykh svetloglinyanykh amforakh Tanaisa i ego okrugi ΙΙΙ–ΙV vv.n.e. [Standard Dipinti on Narrow-Necked Light Clay Amphorae from Tanais and its Vicinity in the 3rd-4th Centuries AD]. Simferopol–Kerch.
Ильяшенко, С.М. Стандартные dipinti на узкогорлых светлоглиняных амфорах Танаиса и его округи III–IV вв. н.э. Симферополь–Керчь.
Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1898: Bithynische Münzen. Journal international d’archeologie numismatique 1, 11–44.
Ireland, S. 2000: Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Coins in the Museum at Amasya (Ancient Amaseia), Turkey. London.
Ivantchik, A.I., Son, N.A. 2004: [A new inscription of the epoch of Severus Alexander from Tyras]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 80–88.
Иванчик, А.И., Сон Н.А. Новая надпись эпохи Севера Александра из Тиры. ВДИ 3, 80–88.
Jones, A.H.M. 1971: The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. Oxford.
Jones, C.P. 1978: The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom. Cambridge–London.
Kalinka, E. 1933: Aus Bithynien und Umgegend. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 28 Beibl., 44–111.
Каryshkovskiy, P.O. 1979: [New inscriptons from Tyras]. In: P.O. Каryshkovskiy (ed.), Antichnaya Tira i srednevekovyy Belgorod [Ancient Tyras and Medieval Belgorod]. Kiev, 88–98.
Карышковский, П.О. Новые тирасские надписи. В кн.: П.О. Карышковский (ред.), Античная Тира и средневековый Белгород. Киев, 88–98.
Каryshkovskiy, P.O. 1980: [From the history of Tyras in the first third of the 3rd century AD]. In: P.O. Karyshkovkiy (ed.), Issledovaniya po antichnoy arkheologii Yugo-Zapada Ukrainskoy SSR [Studies in Ancient Archaeology of the South-West Region of the Ukranian SSR]. Kiev, 72–83.
Карышковский, П.О. Из истории Тиры в первой трети III в. н.э. В кн.: П.О. Карышковский (ред.), Исследования по античной археологии Юго-Запада Украинской ССР. Киев, 72–83.
Kleiman, I.B. 1979: [Stratigraphy of the cultural layer of the city Tyras–Belgorod]. In: P.O. Каryshkovskiy (ed.), Antichnaya Tira i srednevekovyy Belgorod [Ancient Tyras and Medieval Belgorod]. Kiev, 54–75.
Клейман, И.Б. Стратиграфия культурного слоя городища Тиры–Белгорода. В кн.: П.О. Карышковский (ред.), Античная Тира и средневековый Белгород. Киев, 54–75.
Lafli E. 2016: Inscriptions gréco-romaines d’Anatolie V. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 42/2, 224–239.
Le Guen-Pollett, B. 1989: Sébastopolis du Pont (Sulusaray). Epigraphica Anatolica 13, 51–86.
Leschhorn, W. 1993: Antike Ären. Stuttgart.
Lewis, M.F. 1973: A History of Bithynia under Roman Rule, 74 BC-14 AD. Minnesota.
Macridy-Bey, T. 1905: Altertümer von Notion. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 8, 164–171.
Madsen, J.M. 2016: Who introduced the imperial cult in Asia and Bithynia? The koinon’s role in the early worship of Augustus. In: M. Vitale et al. (eds.), Kaiserkult in den Provinzen des römischen Reiches: Organisation, Kommunikation und Repräsentation. Berlin, 21–36.
Magie, D. 1951: Roman Rule in Asia Minor. Vol. 1–2. Princeton.
Маkarov, I.A. 2015: [A new inscription from Chersonesus Taurica]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 210–226.
Макаров, И.А. Новая надпись из Херсонеса Таврического. ВДИ 4, 210–226.
Maksimova, M.I. 1956: Antichnye goroda Yugo-Vostochnogo Prichernomor’ya [Ancient Cities of the South-East Black Sea Coast]. Moscow–Leningrad.
Максимова, М.И. Античные города Юго-Восточного Причерноморья. М. – Л.
Marek, Ch. 1985: Katalog der Inschriften im Museum von Amasra. Mit Anhang: Die Inschriften von Amastris und die angebliche Pompeianische Ära der Stadt. Epigraphica Anatolica 6, 133–156.
Marek, Ch. 1993: Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus–Bithynia und Nord-Galatia. Tübingen.
Marek, Ch. 2003: Pontus und Bithynia: die römische Provinzen im Norden Kleinasien. Mainz.
Marek, Ch. 2010: Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike. München.
Marquardt, J. 1881: Römische Staatsverwaltung. Bd I². Leipzig.
Mendel, G. 1901: Inscriptions de Bithynie. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 25, 5–92.
Mitchell, S. 1993: Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. Vol. I. Oxford.
Mitchell, S. 2002: In search of the Pontic community in Antiquity. In: A. Bowman (ed.), Representations of Empire. Rome and the Mediterranean World. Oxford, 35–64.
Mitford, T.B. 1991: Inscriptiones Ponticae, Sebastopolis. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 87, 181–243.
Pflaum, H.-G. 1960: Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain. Paris.
Ramsay, W. 1890: The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London.
Ranovich, A.B. 1949: Vostochnye provintsii Rimskoy imperii v I–III vv. [East Provinces of the Roman Empire in the 1st-3rd Centuries AD]. Moscow–Leningrad.
Ранович, А.Б. Восточные провинции Римской империи в I–III вв. М. – Л.
Rémy, B. 1985: L’activité des fonctionnaires sénatoriaux dans la province de Pont-Bithynie au Haut-Empire d’après les inscriptions. Epigraphica Anatolica 6, 43–53.
Rémy, B.1986: L’évolution administrative de l’Anatolie aux trois premiers siècles de notre ère. Paris.
Rémy, B. 1989: Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d’Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C.– 284 ap. J.-C.) (Pont-Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie). Istanbul.
Robert, L. 1940: Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec. Paris.
Robert, L. 1970: Études anatoliennes. Amsterdam.
Robert, L. 1980: A travers l’Asie Mineure. Poètes et prosateurs, monnaies grecques, voyageurs et géographie. Paris.
Robert, L. 2007: Choix d’écrits. Paris.
Rocca, S. 2008: Herod’s Judaea. A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Eugene (Oregon).
Rostovtseff, M.I. 1917: Caesar and the South of Russia. Journal of Roman Studies 7, 27–44.
Rostovtzeff, M.I. 1941: The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Vol. 1–3. Oxford.
Saprykin, S. Yu. 1993: [From the history of the Pontic Kingdom of the Polemonides]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 25–49.
Сапрыкин, С.Ю. Из истории Понтийского царства Полемонидов. ВДИ 2, 25–49.
Saprykin, S. Yu. 1996: Pontiyskoe tsarstvo [The Pontic Kingdom]. Moscow.
Сапрыкин С.Ю. Понтийское царство. М.
Saprykin, S. Yu. 1997: Heracleia Pontica and Tauric Chersonesus before Roman Domination. Amsterdam.
Saprykin, S. Yu. 1998: [The Chersonesus proxenia of a Sinopean]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 4, 41–65.
Сапрыкин, С.Ю. Херсонесская проксения синопейцу. ВДИ 4, 41–65.
Saprykin, S. Yu. 2002: Bosporskoe tsarstvo na rubezhe dvukh epoch [The Kingdom of Bosporus on the Verge of Two Epochs]. Moscow.
Сапрыкин, С.Ю. Боспорское царство на рубеже двух эпох. М.
Saprykin, S. Yu., Ermolin, S.A. 2010: [The Roman navy at Bosporus: a new Latin inscription from Panticapaeum]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 72–84.
Сапрыкин, С.Ю., Ермолин, С.А. Римский флот на Боспоре: новая латинская надпись из Пантикапея. ВДИ 3, 72–84.
Shelov, D.B. 1978: [Narrow-necked light clay amphorae of the first centuries of our era. Classification and chronology]. Kratkie Soobsheniya Instituta Arkheologii AN SSSR [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology] 156, 16–21.
Шелов, Д.Б. Узкогорлые светлоглиняные амфоры первых веков нашей эры. Классификация и хронология. КСИА 156, 16–21.
Sherwin-White, A.N. 1966: The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary. Oxford.
Sinclair, T. 1987: Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. Vol. I. London.
Stumpf, G. 1991: Numismatische Studien zur Chronologie der römischen Statthalter in Kleinasien (122 v. Chr.– 163 n. Chr.). Saarbrücken.
Surov, E.G. 1960: [A new Chersonesian inscription]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 154–158.
Суров, Е.Г. Новая херсонесская надпись. ВДИ 3, 154–158.
Syme, R. 1995: Anatolica. Studies in Strabo. Oxford.
Veh, P.-G. 1980: Der Grenzverlauf der römischen Provinz Cappadocia unter Kaiser Trajan und ihrer Nachfolgeprovinzen bis Theodosius I. Erlangen.
Vélissaropoulos, J. 1980: Les nauclères grecs. Recherches sur les institutions maritimes en Grèce et dans l’Orient hellénisé. Genève–Paris.
Velkov, V. 1969: Inscriptions de Mesembria (1956–1963). In: T. Ivanov (ed.), Nessebre. Vol. I. Sofia, 179–224.
Vitale, M. 2011: Eparchie und Koinon in Kleinasien von der ausgehenden Republik bis ins 3. Jh.n. Chr. (Asia Minor Studien, 67). Bonn.
Vitalе, M. 2014: «Pontic» communities under Roman rule: polis selfrepresentation, provincialisation and the koina of Pontus. In: T. Bekker-Nielsen (ed.), Geographica Historica 29. Stuttgart, 49–62.
Vnukov, S. Yu. 2003: Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n.e. – II v.n.e. (Morfologiya) [Black Sea Amphorae of the 1st Century BC – 2nd Century AD. Morphology]. Moscow.
Внуков, С.Ю. Причерноморские амфоры I в. до н.э. – II в. н.э. (морфология). М.
Vnukov, S. Yu. 2006: Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n.e. – II v.n.e. Ch. 2. Petrografiya, khronologiya, problemy torgovli [Black Sea Amphorae of the 1st Century BC – 2nd Century AD. Pt. 2. Petrography, Chronology, Problems of Trade]. Saint Petersburg.
Внуков, С.Ю. Причерноморские амфоры I в. до н.э. – II в. н.э. Ч. 2. Петрография, хронология, проблемы торговли. СПб.
Wellesley, K. 1953: The extent of the territory added to Bithynia by Pompey. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 96, 294–317.
Wittke, A.M., Olshausen, E., Szydlak, R. 2005: Historischer Atlas der antiken Welt. Stuttgart.
Zanker, P. 1990: The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor.
Zubar’, V.M., Son, N.A. 2007: Severo-Zapadnoe Prichernomor’e v antichnuyu epokhu [North-Western Black Sea Region in the Ancient Period]. Simferopol.
Зубарь, В.М., Сон, Н.А. Северо-Западное Причерноморье в античную эпоху. Симферополь.