Marcus Licinius Crassus and the Transpadani: nimium parcus in largienda civitate?
Lyubimova Olga V.
An attempt is made in the article to reconcile Cicero’s characteristic of Crassus as too sparing in admitting men as citizens (Balb. 50) with the prevalent opinion of researchers according to which Crassus tried to grant Roman citizenship to Transpadani during his censorship in 65 BC. The author argues that the statement of Cicero resulted from Crassus’ backing of lex Papia, also in 65 BC; the law was directed against those peregrini who were sojourning in Rome or had illegally assumed Roman citizenship, but which made a favorable exception for Transpadani. Cicero’s statement should be regarded as the continuation of debates during the trial of Balbus who was tried by the jury-court created by the lex Papia and was defended by Crassus along with Cicero.
References:
Adcock, F. 1966: Marcus Crassus, Millionaire. Cambridge.
Amela Valverde, L. 2002: La Galia Cisalpina y la clientela de Pompeyo Magno. Polis 14, 51–78.
Arena, V. 2011: The consulship of 78 BC. Catulus versus Lepidus: an optimates versus populares affair. In: H. Beck, A. Duplà, M. Jehne, F. Pina Polo (eds), Consuls and Res Publica. Holding High Office in the Roman Republic. Cambridge, 299–318.
Astin, A.E. 1985: Censorships in the Late Republic. Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 34, 175–190.
Badian, E. 1966: Notes on Provincia Gallia in the Late Republic. In: R. Chevallier (éd.), Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire offerts à André Piganiol. Vol. II. Paris, 901–918.
Badian, E. 1968: Studies in Greek and Roman History. Oxford.
Badian, E. 2000: Foreign Clientelae (264–70 B.C.). Oxford.
Balsdon, J.P.V.D. 1979: Romans and Aliens. London.
Barbati, S. 2012: Asc., In Pis. 3 Clark: sulle cosiddette “colonie latine fittizie” transpadane. Revista General de Derecho Romano 18, 1–44.
Barbati, S. 2013: Ancora sulle cosiddette “colonie latine fittizie” transpadane (Asc. In Pis. 3 Clark). Quaderni Lupiensi di Storia e Diritto 48, 59–106.
Billows, R.A. 2009: Julius Caesar. The Colossus of Rome. London–New York.
Bispham, E. 2007: From Asculum to Actium. The Municipalization of Italy from the Social War to Augustus. Oxford.
Broughton, T.R.S. 1951: The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. 2. New York.
Brunt, P.A. 1971: Italian Manpower. 225 B.C.–A.D. 14. Oxford.
Broadhead, W. 2001: Rome’s migration policy and the so-called ius migrandi. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 12, 69–89.
Cairo, G. 2012: Gli strumenti giuridici della presenza romana in Cisalpina tra il I sec. a.C. e l’inizio del principato. Historica 2, 33–54.
Coşkun, A. 2009a: Bürgerrechtsentzug oder Fremdenausweisung? Studien zu den Rechten von Latinern und weiteren Fremden sowie zum Bürgerrechtswechsel in der Römischen Republik (5. bis frühes 1. Jh. v.Chr.). Stuttgart.
Coşkun, A. 2009b: Zu den Bedingungen des Bürgerrechtserwerbs per magistratum in der späten römischen Republik. Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 58, 225–241
Coşkun, A. 2010: Cicero und das römische Bürgerrecht. Die Verteidigung des Dichters Archias. Göttingen.
Courrier, C. 2014: La plèbe de Rome et sa culture (fin du IIe siècle av. J.-C. – fin du Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Rome.
Deknatel, Chr. 1901: De vita M. Licinii Crassi. Lugduni Batavorum.
Drumann, W. 1964: Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung oder Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen. 2. Aufl. P. Groebe (Hrsg.). Bd 4. Hildesheim.
Ewins, U. 1955: The Enfranchisement of Cisalpine Gaul. Papers of British School in Rome 23, 73–98.
García Fernández, E. 2001: El municipio latino: origen y desarrollo constitucional. Madrid.
Garzetti, A. 1996: Scritti di storia repubblicana e augustea. Roma.
Gelzer, M. 1926: Licinius (68). In: RE. Hlbd 25, 295–331.
Gelzer, M. 1968: Caesar: Politician and Statesman. Engl. tr. by P. Needham. Cambridge (Mass.).
Goudineau, C. 1976: Sur un mot de Cicéron ou Avignon et le domaine de Marseille. In: L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine. I. Mélanges offerts à Jacques Heurgon. Rome, 325–332.
Gruen, E.S. 1974: The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
Häussler, R. 2013a: Becoming Roman? Diverging Identities and Experiences in Ancient Northwest Italy. Walnut Creek (CA).
Häussler, R. 2013b: De-constructing ethnic identities: becoming Roman in western Cisalpine Gaul? In: A. Gardner, E. Herring, K. Lomas (eds), Creating Ethnicities & Identities in the Roman World. London, 35–70.
Hardy, E.G. 1916: The Transpadane Question and the Alien Act of 65 or 64 B.C. The Journal of Roman Studies 6, 63–82.
Holmes, T.R. 1923: The Roman Republic and the Founder of Empire. Vol. I. Oxford.
Kendall, S. 2013: The Struggle for Roman Citizenship. Romans, Allies, and the Wars of 91–77 BCE. Piscataway (NJ).
Korolenkov, A.V. 2015: [Publius Sulpicius’ Legislation and its Social and Political Context]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 35–40.
Короленков, А.В. Законодательство Публия Сульпиция и особенности его социально-политического контекста. ВДИ 3, 35–40.
Kremer, D. 2006: Ius latinum. Le concept de droit latin sous la République et l’Empire. Romanité et modernité du droit. Paris.
Kron, G. 2005: The Augustan Census Figures and the Population of Italy. Athenaeum 93, 441–495.
Laffi, U. La provincia della Gallia Cisalpina. Athenaeum 80, 5–15.
Luraschi, G. 1979: Foedus. Ius Latii. Civitas. Aspetti costituzionali della romanizzaziose in Transpadana. Padova.
Luraschi, G. 1983: Sulle magistrature nelle colonie latine fittizie. Studia et documenta historiae et iuris 49, 261–329.
Luraschi, G. 1996: La questione della cittadinanza nell'ultimo secolo della Repubblica. In: F. Milazzo (a cura), Res publica e princeps. Vicende politiche, mutamenti istituzionali e ordinamento giuridico da Cesare ad Adriano. Atti del Convegno internazionale di diritto romano, Copanello 25–27 maggio 1994. Napoli.
Liubimova, O.V. 2013a: [The conflict of Crassus and Pompey in 70 BC: its background and causes]. Studia historica 13, 136–157.
Любимова, О.В. Конфликт Красса и Помпея в 70 г. до н.э.: его зарождение и причины. Studia historica 13, 136–157.
Liubimova, O.V. 2013b: [Marcus Licinius Crassus and Plebeian Tribunes of the 70s BC]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 148–157.
Любимова, О.В. Марк Лициний Красс и плебейские трибуны 70-х годов I в. до н.э. ВДИ 2, 148–157.
Liubimova, O.V. 2015: [The “First Catilinarian conspiracy” and Marcus Licinius Crassus]. Antichnyy mir i arkheologiya. [Ancient World and Archaeology] 17, 151–175.
Любимова, О.В. «Первый заговор Катилины» и Марк Лициний Красс. Античный мир и археология 17, 151–175.
Marshall, B. 1976: Crassus: A Political Biography. Amsterdam.
Meyer, E. 1922: Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompeius. Stuttgart–Berlin.
Millar, F. 2002: Rome, the Greek world, and the East. Vol. I. The Roman Republic and the Augustan revolution. Chapel Hill–London.
Mommsen, T. 1941: Istoriya Rima. T. 3. Ot smerti Sully do bitvy pri Tapse [Römische Geschichte. Bd 3: Von Sullas Tod bis zur Schlacht von Thapsus]. Moscow.
Моммзен, Т. 1941: История Рима. Т. 3. От смерти Суллы до битвы при Тапсе. М.
Mouritsen, H. 1998: Italian Unification: A Study in Ancient and Modern Historiography. London.
Münzer, F. 1921: Scribonius (10). In: RE. II. R. Hlbd 3, 862–867.
Nicolet, C. 1980: Les censeurs de 61 av. J.-C. In: C. Nicolet (dir.), Insula Sacra. La loi Gabinia–Calpurnia de Délos (58 av. J.-C.). Rome, 111–125.
Piegdoń, M. 2010: Est enim ille flos ltaliae. Northern Italy in the Legal and Administrative Structures of the Roman Republic in the 3rd – lst centuries BC. Studia Prawnoustrojowe 12, 175–188.
Piegdoń, M. 2014: Krassus. Polityk niespełnionych ambicji [Crassus. A politician with unfulfilled ambitions]. Kraków.
Pina Polo, F. 2015: Foreign Clientelae Revisited: A Methodological Critique. In: M. Jehne, F. Pina Polo (eds), Foreign Clientelae in the Roman Empire. A Reconsideration. Stuttgart.
Rawson, B. 1970: Pompey and Hercules. Antichthon 4, 30–37.
Reid, 1890: Notes. In: J.S. Reid (ed.), M.T. Ciceronis pro L. Cornelio Balbo oratio ad iudices. London, 47–98.
Rodgers, B.S. 2008: Catulus’ Speech in Cassius Dio 36.31–36. Greek, Roman and Byzantine studies 48, 295–318.
Sherwin-White, A.N. 1973: The Roman Citizenship. 2nd ed. Oxford.
Seager, R. 1964: The First Catilinarian Conspiracy. Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 13, 338–347.
Spichenko, N.K. 2006: Grazhdanskiy sostav munitsipiev Flaviya po dannym Lex municipalis Irnitana. Diss. … k.i.n. [The Citizen Composition of the Flavian municipia according to the Data of the Lex municipalis Irnitana. Unpublished PhD thesis]. Moscow.
Спиченко Н.К. Гражданский состав муниципиев Флавия по данным Lex municipalis Irnitana. Дисс... канд. ист. наук. М.
Strasburger, H. 1938: Caesars Entritt in die Geschichte. München.
Suolahti, J. 1963: The Roman Censors: A Study on Social Structure. Helsinki.
Syme, R. 1964: Sallust. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
Tarpin, M. 2014: Strangers in Paradise. Latins (and some other non-Romans) in colonial context: a short story of territorial complexity. In: T. Stek, J. Pelgrom (eds), Roman Republican Colonization. New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ancient History. Rome, 160–191.
Tarpin, M. 2015: Le coloniae lege Pompeia: una storia impossibile? In: G. Cresci Marrone (cur.), Trans Padum … usque ad Alpes. Roma tra il Po e le Alpi: dalla romanizzazione alla romanità. Atti del convegno. Venezia 13–15 maggio. Roma, 197–219.
Taylor, L.R. 1942: Caesar and the Roman Nobility. Transactions of the American Philological Association 73, 1–24.
Taylor, L.R. 1971: Party Politics in the Age of Caesar. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
Taylor, L.R. 2013: The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic. The Trirty-five Urban and Rural Tribes. With updated material by J. Linderski. Ann Arbor.
Tibiletti, G. 1959: The Comitia during the Decline of the Roman Republic. Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris 25, 94–127.
Voltan, C. 1978: La Transpadana nel I sec. A.C. e la Lex Papia. Archivio Veneto 109, 5–25.
Ward, A. 1977: Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic. Columbia (MO)–London.
Ward, A. 1972: Cicero’s Fight against Crassus and Caesar in 65 and 63 B.C. Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 21, 244–258.
Williams, J.H.C. 2001: Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy. Oxford.
Wiseman, T.P. 1969: The Census in the First Century B.C. The Journal of the Roman Studies 59, 59–75.
Wiseman, T.P. 1971: New Men in the Roman Senate. 139 B.C.–A.D. 14. Oxford.