Multiplicity of Souls in the Poetic Antiquarian Tradition of Ancient Rome
Bobrovnikova T. A.
Relying on the diachronic analysis the author argues that initially the Romans ascribed to any human being multiple souls. After the funeral one of them was believed to remain in the grave with the earthly remains. The other one moved on to the Afterlife and was deified as di manes. Obviously, the Romans distinguished other kinds of souls as well, but their nature and number are not completely clear due to the lack of sources dating to the pre-Republican period.
References:
Bobrovnikova, T.A. 1997: [Religious, Legal and Philosophic Beliefs of Quintus Ennius]. Drevnee pravo [Ius antiquum] 2, 40–44.
Бобровникова, Т.А. Сакрально-правовые и философские взгляды Квинта Энния. Древнее право / Ius antiquum 2, 40–44.
Bodel, J. 2004: Death, the Afterlife, and Other Last Things: Rome. In: S.I. Johnston (ed.), Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Cambridge (MA), 489–492.
Boissier, G. 1914: Rimskaya religiya ot vremen Avgusta do Antoninov [Roman Religion from the Reign of August to the Antonins]. Transl. by M. Korsak. Moscow.
Буассье, Г. Римская религия от времен Августа до Антонинов. Пер. М. Корсак. М.
Borg, B.E. 2019: Roman Tombs and the Art of Commemoration. Contextual Approaches to Funerary Customs in the Second Century CE. Cambridge.
Carroll, M. 2006: Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe. Oxford.
Champlin, E. 1991: Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 B.C. – A.D. 250. Berkeley– Los Angeles.
Chernetsov, V.N. 1959: [The Soul in the Religious Beliefs of the Ob-Ugrians]. In: Issledovaniya i materialy po voprosam pervobytnykh verovaniy. Trudy Instituta etnografii AN SSSR [Studies and Materials on the Questions of Beliefs in Primitive Societies. Works of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. Vol. 52. Moscow, 114–156.
Чернецов, В.Н. Представления о душе у обских угров. В сб.: Исследования и материалы по вопросам первобытных верований. Труды Института этнографии АН СССР. T. 52. М., 114–156.
Cumont, F.V.M. 1922: After Life in Roman Paganism. Lectures Delivered at Yale University of the Silliman Foundation. New Haven.
Cumont, F.V.M. 1949: Lux perpetua. Paris. Davies, J.P. 2004: Rome’s Religious History: Livy, Tacitus and Ammianus on Their Gods. Cambridge.
Dupont, F. 1989: The Emperor-God’s Other Body. In: M. Feher (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body. Pt. 3. 2nd ed. New York, 396–419.
Edwards, C. 2007: Death in Ancient Rome. New Haven–London.
Erasmo, M. 2008: Reading Death in Ancient Rome. Columbus.
Evans, J.K. 1985: The Cult of the Dead in Ancient Rome and Modern China: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of Royal Asiatic Society 25, 119–151.
Feeney, D. 1998: Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs. Cambridge.
Flower, H.I. 2006: The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture. Chapel Hill (NC).
Foulon, A. 1995: La mort dans la poésie augustéenne. In: F. Hinard, M.-Fr. Lambert (éds.), La mort au quotidien dans le monde romain. Actes du colloque organisé par l’Université de Paris IV (Paris– Sorbonne 7–9 octobre 1993). Paris, 351–363.
Fowler, W.W. 1899: The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic. An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans. London.
Frazer, J.G. 1929: Publii Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum libri sex. The ‘Fasti’ of Ovid. Vol. IV. Commentary on Books V and VI. London.
Groot, J.J.M. de. 1964: The Religious System of China, its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect. Manners, Customs and Social Institutions. Vol. IV. Book II. On the Soul and Ancestral Worship. Pt. 1. The Soul in Philosophy and Folk-Conception. Reprint. Taipei.
Herbert-Brown, G. (ed.) 2003: Ovid’s ‘Fasti’: Historical Readings at Its Bimillenium. Oxford.
Hinard, F. (éd.), 1987: La mort, les morts et l’au-delà dans le monde romain. Actes du colloque de Caen, 20–22 Novembre 1985. Caen.
Hinard, F., Lambert, M.-Fr. (éds.), 1995: La mort au quotidien dans le monde romain. Actes du colloque organisé per l’Université de Paris IV (Paris–Sorbonne 7–9 octobre 1993). Paris.
Hope, V.M. 2011: Introduction. In: V.M. Hope, J. Huskinson (eds.), Memory and Mourning. Studies on Roman Death. Oxford–Oakville, XI-XXIV.
Hope, V.M., Huskinson, J. (eds.) 2011: Memory and Mourning. Studies on Roman Death. Oxford–Oakville.
Houghton, L.B.T. 2011: Death Ritual and Burial Practice in the Latin Love Elegists. In: V.M. Hope, J. Huskinson (eds.), Memory and Mourning: Studies on Roman Death. Oxford–Oakville, 61–77.
Ionova, Yu.V. 1969: [Religious Views of the Koreans after the Collections of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]. In: R.F. Its (ed.), Kul’tura narodov zarubezhnoy Azii i Okeanii [Culture of the Peoples of Foreign Asia and Oceania]. Leningrad, 158-187.
Ионова, Ю.В. Религиозные воззрения корейцев (по материалам МАЭ). В сб.: Р.Ф. Итс (отв. ред.), Культура народов зарубежной Азии и Океании. (Сборник МАЭ, 25). Л., 158-187.
Ivanov, V.V., Toporov, V.N. 1990: [Kaschey the Immortal]. In: E.M. Meletinskiy (ed.), Mifologicheskiy slovar’ [Mythological Dictionary]. Moscow, 278.
Иванов, В.В., Топоров, В.Н. Кащей Бессмертный. В сб.: Е.М. Мелетинский (ред.), Мифологический словарь. М., 278.
Janssen, L.F. 1981: Some Unexplored Aspects of Devotio Deciana. Mnemosyne 34, 3/4, 357–381.
King, Ch.W. 1998: The Living and the Dead: Ancient Roman Conceptions of the Afterlife. PhD thesis. Chicago.
King, Ch.W. 2020: The Ancient Roman Afterlife: Di manes, Belief, and the Cult of the Dead. Austin.
Knysh, A. 2018: Sufism: A New History of Islamic Mysticism. Princeton.
Lattimore, R. 1962: Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs. Urbana.
Levkievskaya, E.E. 2013: [The Dichotomy Soul/Dead in the Polessie’s Beliefs in Posthumous Human Fate]. In: D.I. Antonov, O.B. Khristoforova (eds.), In Umbra. Demonologiya kak semioticheskaya sistema. Al’manakh [In Umbra: Demonology as a Semiotic System. Anthology]. Vol. 2. Moscow, 177–194.
Левкиевская, Е.Е. Дихотомия душа/покойник в полесских представлениях о посмертной природе человека. В сб.: Д.И. Антонов, О.Б. Христофорова (ред.), In Umbra. Демонология как семиотическая система. Альманах. Вып. 2. М., 177–194.
Lindsay, H. 2000: Death-Pollution and Funerals in the City of Rome. In: V.M. Hope, E. Marshall (eds.), Death and Disease in the Ancient City. London, 152–173.
MacMullen, R. 1982: The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire. American Journal of Philology 103/3, 233–246.
MacMullen, R. 2014: The End of Ancestor Worship: Affect and Class. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 63/4, 487–513.
Nilsson, M.P. 1930: Existiert ein primitiver Seelenbegriff? In: Actes du Ve Congrès international d’histoire des religions à Lund, 27–29 août 1929. Lund, 90–99.
Perepelkin, Yu.Ya. 2000: Istoriya drevnego Egipta [History of Ancient Egypt]. Saint Petersburg.
Перепелкин, Ю.Я. История древнего Египта. СПб.
Phillips, C.R. 1983: Rethinking Augustan Poetry. Latomus 42, 780–817.
Radcliffe, G.E. III 2019: Drowning down the Moon. Magic in Ancient Greco-Roman World. Princeton.
Reid, J.S. 1921: State of the Dead (Greek and Roman). In: J. Hastings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. XI. New York, 838–841.
Scullard, H.H. 1981: Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. Ithaca–New York.
Shternberg, L.Ya. 1936: Pervobytnaya religiya v svete etnografii [Primitive Religion in the Light of Ethnography]. Leningrad.
Штернберг, Л.Я. Первобытная религия в свете этнографии. Л.
Thomas, C.M. 2005: Placing the Dead: Funerary Practice and Social Stratification in the Early Roman Period at Corinth and Ephesos. In: D.N. Schowalter, S.J. Friesen (eds.), Urban Religion in Roman Corinth: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Cambridge (MA), 281–304.
Toynbee, J.M.C. 1971: Death and Burial in the Roman World: Aspects of Greek and Roman Life. London.
Turaev, B.A. 1935: Istoriya drevnego Vostoka [History of Ancient East]. Vol. I. Leningrad.
Тураев, Б.А. История древнего Востока. T. 1. Л.
Underwood, H.G. 1908: The Call of Korea: Political, Social, Religious. New York–Chicago.
Warmington, E.H. (ed.) 1979: Remains of Old Latin. Vol. I. Ennius and Caecilius. Cambridge (MA).
Yuan Mei 1977: Novye zapisi Tsi Se, ili o chem ne govoril Konfutsiy [New Wonder Tales of Qi or What the Master Would Not Discuss]. Transl. by O.L. Fishman. Moscow.
Юань Мэй. Новые записи Ци Се, или о чем не говорил Конфуций. Пер. О.Л. Фишман. М.
Zaytsev, A.I. 1976: ἴα ψυχή (Il. XXI, 569). Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 1, 97–102.
Зайцев, А.И. ἴα ψυχή (Il. XXI, 569). ВДИ 1, 97–102.