Functioning of the Eastern Necropolis of Giza at the End of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period
Malykh Svetlana E.
Some finds of the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS) in Eastern Giza (Egypt) can be dated to the end of the Old Kingdom – the beginning of the First Intermediate Period. This demonstrates the continuation part of the Memphitic necropolis after the collapse of the country, albeit greatly reduced. The range of the plunders' activity also increased in scope at Eastern Giza at the end of the Dynasty VI with the beginning of the decline of the royal power, and disunity of the country.
References:
Allen, J.P. 2005: The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Atlanta.
Allen, S.J. 2014: Pottery from the pyramid complex of Senwosret III and the Middle Kingdom mastabas at Dahshur 2003–2010 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne 24, 85–92.
Arnold, Do. 1982: Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976–1981. Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 38, 25–65.
Arnold, Do., Bourriau, J. 1993: An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery. Mainz am Rhein.
Bader, B. 2009: The Late Old Kingdom in Herakleopolis Magna? An interim interpretation. In: T.I. Rzeuska, A. Wodzińska (eds), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery. Varsovie, 13–41.
Bader, B. 2012: Herakleopolis Magna – Ehnasya el-Medina, Autumn 2003. Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne 23, 101–112.
Ballet, P., Picon, M. 1992: Balat II. Le mastaba d’Ima-Pépi. Le Caire.
Bárta, M. 1995: Pottery inventory and the beginning of the IVth dynasty. Göttinger Miszellen 149, 15–24.
Bárta, M. 2011: Journey to the West. The World of the Old Kingdom Tombs in Ancient Egypt. Prague.
Bárta, M. 2013: Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom. In: A. J. Hill, P. Jones, J.A. Morales (eds), Experiencing Power, Generating Authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Philadelphia, 257–283.
Beckerath, J. von 1997: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: Die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Mainz am Rhein.
Bourriau, J., Gallorini, C. 2012: Memphis: рottery from Memphis, Kom Rabi‘a. In: R. Schiestl, A. Seiler (eds), Handbook of the рottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Vol. II. The Regional Volume. Wien, 107–130.
Castel, G., Pantalacci, L. 2005: Balat VII. Les cimetières est et ouest du mastaba de Khentika. Oasis de Dakhla. Le Caire.
Faltings, D. 1998: Die Keramik der Lebensmittelproduktion im Alten Reich. Ikonographie und Archäologie eines Gebrauchsartikels. Heidelberg.
Holthoer, R. 1977: New Kingdom Pharaonic Sites. The Pottery. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia 5.1. Stockholm.
Jéquier, G. 1929: Fouilles à Saqqarah. Tombeaux de particuliers contemporains de Pepi II. Le Caire.
Jeuthe, C., Le Provost, V., Soukiassian, G. 2013: Ayn Asil, palais des gouverneurs du règne de Pépy II. État des recherches sur la partie sud. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 113, 203–238.
Junker, H. 1929: Giza I. Die Mastabas der IV. Dynastie auf dem Westfriedhof. Wien–Leipzig.
Junker, H. 1943: Giza VI. Die Mastabas des Nfr (Nefer), Qdfjj (Kedfi), KAHjf (Kahjef) und die westlich anschließenden Grabanlagen. Wien–Leipzig.
Junker, H. 1947: Giza VIII. Der Ostabschnitt des Westfriedhofes. Zweiter Teil. Wien.
Kahl, J., el-Khadragy, M., Verhoeven, U. 2006: The Asyut project: third season of fieldwork. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 34, 241–249.
Kaiser, W. 1969: Die Tongefäße. In: H. Ricke (ed.), Das Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Userkaf. II. Die Funde. Wiesbaden, 49–82.
Kanawati, N. 1980: The Rock Tombs of el-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. I. Sydney.
Kanawati, N. 1981: The Rock Tombs of el-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. II. Sydney.
Kanawati, N. 1982: The Rock Tombs of el-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. III. Sydney.
Kanawati, N. 1987: The Rock Tombs of el-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. VII. Sydney.
Kanawati, N., Abder-Raziq, M. 2000: The Teti cemetery at Saqqara VI. The Tomb of Nikauisesi. Warminster.
el-Khouli, A. 1991: Meidum. Australian Centre for Egyptology Reports 3. Sydney.
Kink, H.A. 1976: Khudozhestvennoe remeslo drevneyshego Egipta i sopredel’nykh stran [Artistic Craftwork of the Oldest Egypt and Neighbouring Countries]. Moscow.
Кинк, Х.А. Художественное ремесло древнейшего Египта и сопредельных стран. М.
Knoblauch, C.V., Bestock, L.D. 2009: Four thousand years in Abydos: a preliminary report on the architecture and ceramics of the 2004–2005 excavations in the North Cemetery, West. Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 65, 211–252.
Kormysheva, E., Malykh, S., Lebedev, M., Vetokhov, S. 2015: Giza. Eastern Necropolis III. Tombs of Tjenty II, Khufuhotep, and Anonymous Tombs GE 17, GE 18, GE 47, GE 48, and GE 49. Moscow.
Kormysheva, E., Malykh, S., Vetokhov, S. 2010: Giza. Eastern Necropolis I. The Tomb of Khafraankh. Moscow.
Kormysheva, E., Malykh, S., Vetokhov, S. 2012: Giza. Eastern Necropolis II. The Minor Cemetery to the East from the Tomb G 7948. Moscow.
Kormysheva, E.E. 2015: [The inscription on a limestone block from the Eastern Necropolis at Giza]. Epigrafika Vostoka [Epigraphy of the Orient] XXXI, 60–82.
Кормышева, Э.Е. Надпись на известняковом блоке из Восточного некрополя Гизы. Эпигра фика Востока XXXI, 60–82.
Kytnarová, K.A. 2014: Ritual ceramic deposit from the tomb of prince Werkaure? A Tentative Interpretation. Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne 24, 71–84.
Le Provost, V. 2012: Une production céramique originale de la Première Période intermédiaire à Ayn Asil. Un vase sphérique à deux goulots. Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne 23, 219–229.
Le Provost, V. 2014: Fouilles récentes d’un habitat à Tell Edfou, la céramique de la fin de la Première Période Intermédiaire au début de la XIIe dynastie: une séquence de transition. Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne 24, 131–150.
Marchand, S. 2004: Fouilles récentes dans la zone urbaine de Dendera: La céramique de la fin de l’Ancien Empire au début de la XII dynastie. Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 7, 211–238.
Newberry, P.E. 1906: Scarabs. London.
Op de Beeck, L. 2006: Pottery from the spoil heap in front of the tomb of Djehutihotep at Deir al-Barsha. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 92, 127–139.
Op de Beeck, L., Hendrickx, S. 2011: Deir al-Barsha 2002. Pottery survey. Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 9, 311–344.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1890: Kahun, Gurob and Hawara. London.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1892: Medum. London.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1900: Dendereh. 1898. London.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1907: Gizeh and Rifeh. London.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1925: Buttons and Design Scarabs. London.
Pettman, A. 2011: Form and function: a case study of site function as determined through ceramic material from two areas of Ain el-Gazzareen, Dakhleh Oasis. Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 9, 345–366.
Porter, B., Moss, R.L.B. 1974: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. III. Memphis. Part 1. Abû Rawâsh to Abûsîr. Oxford.
Quibell, J.E. 1898: El Kab. London.
Reisner, G.A. 1931: Mycerinus. The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza. Cambridge.
Reisner, G.A., Smith, W.S. 1955: A History of the Giza Necropolis. The Tomb of Hetep-heres the Mother of Cheops. Vol. II. Cambridge.
Rzeuska, T.I. 2006: Saqqara II. Pottery of the Late Old Kingdom. Funerary Pottery and Burial Customs. Varsovie.
Säve-Söderberg, T. 1962: Preliminary report of the Scandinavian joint expedition. Archaeological survey between Faras and Gamai, January–March, 1961. Kush X, 76–105.
Seidlmayer, S.J. 1990: Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich. Studien zur Archäologie der Ersten Zwischenzeit. Heidelberg.
Seidlmayer, S.J. 2000: The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160–2055 BC). In: I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, 118–147.
Sethe, K. 1960: Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte. Bd.I. Darmstadt.
Soukiassian, G., Wuttmann, M., Pantalacci, L. 2002: Balat VI. Le palais des gouverneurs de l’époque de Pépy II: les sanctuaires de ka et leurs dépendances. Le Caire.
Soukiassian, G., Wuttmann, M., Pantalacci, L., Ballet, P., Picon, M. 1990: Balat III. Les ateliers de potiers d’aAyn-Asil. Le Caire.
Spencer, A.J. 1993: Excavations at el-Ashmunein. III. The Town. London.
Vallogia, M. 1987: Balat I. Le mastaba de Medou-Nefer. Le Caire.
Vallogia, M. 1998: Balat IV. Le monument funéraire d’Ima-Pepy / Ima-Meryrê. Le Caire.
Verner, M. 1992: The discovery of a potter’s workshop in the pyramid complex of Khentkaus at Abusir. Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 3, 55–59.
Vetokhov, S.V. 2016a: [Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the Old Kingdom in Giza: architectural elements as a dating instrument]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 2, 245–263.
Ветохов, С.В. Египетские скальные гробницы Древнего царства в Гизе: архитектурные эле- менты как инструмент датировки. ВДИ 2, 245–263.
Vetokhov, S.V. 2016b: [The building corner marks in the shafts of the late Dynasty V and Dynasty VI at Giza: notes on the preliminary planning of the Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the Old Kingdom]. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost [Oriens. African and Asian Societies: History and Modern Age] 3, 46–62.
Ветохов, С.В. Строительные метки в шахтах поздней V и VI династий в Гизе: к вопросу о предварительной планировке древнеегипетских скальных гробниц. Восток (Oriens). Афроазиатские общества: история и современность 3, 46–62.
Wiese, А.B. 1996: Die Anfänge der ägyptischen Stempel-Amulette. Freiburg.
Weeks, K.R. 1994: Giza Mastabas 5. Mastabas of Cemetery G 6000. Boston.
Willems, H., de Meyer, M., Peeters, C., Vereecken, S., Depraetere, D., Dupras, T., Williams, L., Herbich, T., Verstraeten, G., van Loon, G., Delattre, A. 2009: Report of the 2004–2005 campaigns of the Belgian Mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 65, 377–432.
Wreszinski, W. 1936: Atlas zur altägyptischen Kulturgeschichte III. Leipzig.