The Period of Late Antiquity in the History of Olbia Pontica

Krapivina V. V.

The final period in the history of Olbia Pontica is the last quarter of the 3rd – 4th century AD. After the Gothic invasion in 269–270 life in the city did not resume until the mid 280s. It is important to specify the character of this period, not only in order to understand the reasons why active life stopped in Olbia, but also to point out the characteristic features of the development of the South Bug area in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. It has to be stated that Olbia ceased to be the centre of a large agricultural area. Its chora is within 5 to 10 km radius from the city, the rest of the surrounding territory being occupied by settlements of the Chernyakhov culture. However, as the research in the area shows, traditional agriculture remained the basis of Olbia’s economy. Architecture and building techniques as well as the rest of material culture continued the ancient traditions. This period of the life of the city is therefore to be characterized as late antiquity not post-antiquity. The character of interaction between the barbarian and late antiquity cultures is to be studied in more detail.

Keywords: Olbia Pontica, barbarians, Chernyakhov culture, Roman Empire, late antiquity, late 3rd – 4th century AD.
References:
  1. Ambroz A.K. 1966: Fibuly juga evropejskoj chasti SSSR // SAI. D 1-30. M.
  2. Budanova V.P. 1990: Goty v jepohu Velikogo pereselenija narodov. M.
  3. Bujskih S.B., Ievlev M.M. 1986: O topografii gorodishh Nizhnego Pobuzh'ja pervyh vekov nashej jery // Antichnaja kul'tura Severnogo Prichernomor'ja v pervye veka nashej jery / V.A. Anohin (red.). Kiev, 64–76.
  4. Gej O.A. 1986: O vremeni vozniknovenija chernjahovskoj kul'tury v Severnom Prichernomor'e // SA. 1, 77–86.
  5. Gorohovskij E.L. 1985: Hronologija mogil'nikov chernjahovskoj kul'tury // Tezisy dokladov sovetskoj delegacii na V Mezhdunarodnom kongresse slavjanskoj arheologii. M., 21–22.
  6. Gorohovskij Є.L., Zubar V.M., Gavriljuk N.O. 1985: Pro pіznju datu dejakih antichnih gorodishh ol'vіjs'koї hori // Arheologіja. 49, 25–41.
  7. Gudkova A.V., Krapivina V.V. 1990: Seroglinjanaja keramika Tiry, Ol'vii i pamjatnikov chernjahovskoj kul'tury (preprint). Kiev.
  8. Zubar' V.M. 2001: O zakljuchitel'nom jetape istorii Ol'vii (Tret'ja chetvert' III – pervaja polovina IV v.) // VDI. 1, 132–138.
  9. Zubar' V.M., Son N.A. 2007: Severo-Zapadnoe Prichernomor'e v antichnuju jepohu. Simferopol'.
  10. Karyshkovskij P.O. 1968: Iz istorii pozdnej Ol'vii // VDI. 1, 168–179.
  11. Karyshkovskij P.O. 1988: Monety Ol'vii. Kiev.
  12. Krapivina V.V. 1984: K voprosu o zastrojke Ol'vii vo II–III vv. n.je. // Antichnaja kul'tura Severnogo Prichernomor'ja / S.D. Kryzhickij (red.). Kiev, 210–212.
  13. Krapivina V.V. 1993: Ol'vija. Material'naja kul'tura I–IV vv. n.je. Kiev.
  14. Krapivina V.V. 2006: O zastrojke Ol'vii v konce III – IV v. n.je. // Bospor Kimmerijskij i varvarskij mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov'ja. Oικοσ. Materialy VII Bosporskih chtenij. Kerch', 180–188.
  15. Krapivina V.V. 2008: O final'nom jetape istorii Ol'vii // Naukovі pracі: Naukovo-metodichnij zhurnal. Serіja «Іstorichnі nauki». Specvipusk. T. 96. Vip. 83. Mikolaїv, 76–78.
  16. Krapivina V.V. 2010: O metalloobrabotke i goncharstve v Ol'vii v konce 3 – 4 v. n.je. // XI Bosporskie chtenija. Bospor Kimmerijskij i varvarskij mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov'ja. Remesla i promysly. Kerch', 232–239.
  17. Krapіvіna V.V., Bujskih A.V. 2004: Rezul'tati doslіdzhen' 2002–2003 rr. na dіljancі R-25 v Ol'vії // Arheologіchnі vіdkrittja v Ukraїnі u 2002–2003 rr. Kiїv, 177–178.
  18. Krapivina V.V., Bujskih A.V., Krutilov V.V., Hmelevskij D.N., Smirnov A.I. 2002: Ohrannye raskopki v juzhnoj chasti Nizhnego goroda Ol'vii v 2001 godu (kratkie itogi) // Arheologіchnі vіdkrittja v Ukraїnі u 2000–2001 rr. Kiїv, 152–155.
  19. Krapivina V.V., Domzhalskij K. 2008: Pozdneantichnaja Ol'vija v svete nahodok krasnolakovoj keramiki // Bospor i Severnoe Prichernomor'e v antichnuju jepohu / V.Ju. Zuev (red.). SPb., 73–81.
  20. Krapivina V.V., Hmelevskij D.N. 2006: Ohrannye raboty na uchastkah L-1 i NGF v Ol'vii v 2004–2005 godah // Arheologіchnі doslіdzhennja v Ukraїnі 2004–2005 rr. Kiїv–Zaporіzhzhja, 238–241.
  21. Kryzhitskij S.D. 1967: Raskopki na territorii Nizhnego goroda Ol'vii v 1965–1966 gg. // AIU v 1965–1966 gg. 1, 131–133.
  22. Kryzhitskij S.D. 1984: Osnovnye itogi izuchenija zatoplennoj chasti Nizhnego goroda Ol'vii // Antichnaja kul'tura Severnogo Prichernomor'ja / S.D. Kryzhickij (red.). Kiev, 57–63.
  23. Kryzhitskij S.D. 1985: Ol'vija. Istoriograficheskoe issledovanie arhitekturno-stroitel'nyh kompleksov. Kiev.
  24. Kryzhitskij S.D., Bujskih S.B., Burakov A.V., Otreshko V.M. 1989: Sel'skaja okruga Ol'vii. Kiev.
  25. Kryzhitskij S.D., Bujskih S.B., Otreshko V.M. 1990: Antichnye poselenija Nizhnego Pobuzh'ja (arheologicheskaja karta). Kiev.
  26. Kryzhitskij S.D., Rusjaeva A.S., Krapivina V.V., Lejpunskaja N.A., Skrzhinskaja M.V., Anokhin V.A. 1999: Ol'vija. Antichnoe gosudarstvo v Severnom Prichernomor'e. Kiev.
  27. Krizhitskij S.D., Nazarchuk V.І. 2010: Rozkopki v Ol'vії u 2009 r. na dіljankah B-III ta T-3 // Arheologіchnі doslіdzhennja v Ukraїnі. Kiїv–Luc'k, 242–243.
  28. Lejpunskaja N.A. 1988: Predmest'e pervyh vekov nashej jery v Nizhnem gorode Ol'vii // Antichnye drevnosti Severnogo Prichernomor'ja / V.A. Anohin (red.). Kiev, 71–82.
  29. Lejpunskaja N.A. 2006: Detskoe pogrebenie III–IV vv. iz Ol'vii // Severnoe Prichernomor'e v jepohu antichnosti i srednevekov'ja. Trudy GIM. Vyp. 159 / D.V. Zhuravlev (red.). M., 187–188.
  30. Magomedov B.V. 1985: Ol'vija i chernjahovskaja kul'tura // Problemy issledovanija Ol'vii. Tezisy dokladov i soobshhenij seminara. Parutino, 47–49.
  31. Magomedov B.V. 1987: Chernjahovskaja kul'tura Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor'ja. Kiev.
  32. Magomedov B.V. 2001: Chernjahovskaja kul'tura. Problema jetnosa. Ljublin.
  33. Magomedov B.V. 2007: Ol'vіja і varvari v pіzn'oantichnij perіod // Arheologіja. 4, 47–54.
  34. Papanova V.A. 2006: Urochishhe Sto mogil (nekropol' Ol'vii Pontijskoj). Kiev.
  35. Pashkevich G.A. 1991: Paleobotanicheskie nahodki na territorii Ukrainy. Pamjatniki I tys. do n.je. – II tys. n.je. Katalog II (preprint). Kiev.
  36. Peters B.G. 1986: Kostoreznoe delo v antichnyh gosudarstvah Severnogo Prichernomor'ja. M.
  37. Pogrebova N.N. 1958: Pozdneskifskie gorodishha na Nizhnem Dnepre // MIA. 64, 103–247.
  38. Remennikov A.M. 1954: Bor'ba plemen Severnogo Prichernomor'ja s Rimom v III v. n.je. M.
  39. Rudich T.O. 2003: Antropologіchnij sklad naselennja chernjahіvs'koї kul'turi Pіvnіchnogo Prichornomor,ja // Arheologіja. 4, 19–31.
  40. Krapivina V.V. 2007: Olbia Pontica in the III–IV Centuries A.D. // Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2 / Grammenos and E. Petropoulos (eds.). Oxford, 591–626.
  41. Krapivina V.V. 2010: Amphorae of the 3rd–4th Centuries A.D. in Olbia Pontica // PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea. Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27–29 Avril 2006 / Kassab Tezgor et N. Inaishvili (eds.). P., 69–73, pl. 37–39.
  42. Krapivina V.V. 2011: Olbia Pontica in the 3rd–4th Centuries AD. Late Antiquity or Post Antiquity? // Pontica 2008. Recent Research on the Northen and Eastern Black Sea in Ancient Times. Proceedings of the International Conference, 21st–26th. April 2008, Krakow / Papuci-Wladyka, M. Vickers, Ja. Bodzek, D. Braund (eds.). Oxford, 203–209.
  43. Krapivina V.V., Schultze E. 2011: Grey Ware in Olbia and in the Settlements of the Chernyakhov Culture in the Lower Bug Region. Current State of Research and Possibilities for Further Investigations // Drehscheibentöpferei im Technologietransfer und Professionalisierung eines Handwerks am Rande des Römischen Imperiums // Bonner Beiträge. 13. / Ja. Bemmann, M. Hegewisch, M. Meyer, M. Schmauder (eds.). Bonn, 417–428.