An attempt is made to place the time when Phraates VI’s drachms began to be stamped with countermarks within the period between 30 and 26 AD and to connect the fact with the «Scythian» nomads who inhabited the Bactrian region.
Keywords: Parthia, Phraates IV, Bactria, Rome, Tiridates, coin, countermark, imitations.
References:
Bernar P., Abdullaev K. 1997: Nomady na granice Baktrii (K voprosu jetnicheskoj i kul'turnoj identifikacii) // RA. 1, 68–86.
Birjukov D.V. 2010: Pandahejon i Parfavnisa (Jevristicheskoe znachenie arshakidskih monet s Kampyrtepa) // Numizmatika Central'noj Azii. IX. Tashkent, 34–48.
Dibvojz N.K. 2008: Politicheskaja istorija Parfii / Per. s angl., nauch. red. i bibl. pril. V.P. Nikonorova. SPb.
Djakonov M.M. 1961: Ocherk istorii drevnego Irana. M.
Zejmal E.V. 2000: Monetnye nahodki Tahti-Sangina (reestr). Prilozhenie II // Litvinskij B.A., Pichikjan I.R. Jellinisticheskij hram Oksa v Baktrii (Juzhnyj Tadzhikistan). T. I. Raskopki. Arhitektura. Religioznaja zhizn'. M., 393–404.
Koshelenko G.A. 1963: Vnutripoliticheskaja bor'ba v Parfii (vtoraja polovina I v. do n.je. – nachalo I v. n.je.) // VDI. 3, 56–68.
Najmark A.I. 2008: O prichinah pojavlenija podrazhanij jellinisticheskim monetam v Sogdiane // VDI. 1. 55–70.
Nicole-Pierre Je. 2007: Egipetskie podrazhanija afinskim tetradrahmam klassicheskogo perioda (V–IV vv. do n.je.) // VDI. 4, 124–138.
Pilipko V.N. 1980: Parfjanskie bronzovye monety so znakom P pod lukom // VDI. 4, 105–124.
Pugachenkova G.A., Rempel L.I. 1986: O zolote bezymjannyh carej iz Tillja-tepe (K probleme stilja i svjazej) // Iz istorii kul'turnyh svjazej narodov Srednej Azii i Indii / M.M. Hajrullaev, P.G. Bulgakov, U.M. Aripov, I.M. Hashimov (red.). Tashkent, 5–24.
Rtveladze Ye.V. 2002: Drevnie i rannesrednevekovye monety istoriko-kul'turnyh oblastej Uzbekistana. T. I. Tashkent.
Sarianidi V.I., Koshelenko G.A. 1982: Monety iz raskopok nekropolja, raspolozhennogo na gorodishhe Tillja-tepe (Severnyj Afganistan) // Drevnjaja Indija. Istoriko-kul'turnye svjazi. M., 307–318.
Yatsenko S.A. 2007: Kostjum drevnej Evrazii (iranojazychnye narody). M.
Clarysse W., Thompson D.J. 2007: Two Greek Texts on Skin from Hellenistic Bactria // ZPE. 159, 273–279.
Cumont F. 1932: Nouvelles inscriptions grecques de Suse // CRAI. 76. 3, 271–286.
Fröhlich C. 2008: Monnaaies indo-scythes et indo-parthes. Catalogue raisonné. P.
Ghirshman R. 1946: Bégram. Récherches archéologique et historique sur les Kouchans (MDAFA. XII). Le Caire.
Gorin A. 2010: Parthian Coins from Kampyrtepa // Anabasis. Studia classica et orientalia (Orintis splendor. Studies in Memory of Józef Wolski) / J. Olbrycht (ed.). Rzeszów. 1, 107–134.
McDowell R.H. 1935: Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris. Ann Arbor.
MacDowall D.W., Ibrahim M. 1979. Pre-Islamic Coins in Herat Museum // Afghan Studies, 45–54.
Mitchiner M. 1975: Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian. 4. L.
Mitchiner M. 1976: Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian. 5. L.
Rtveladze E.V. 1993/1994: Coins of the Yuezhi rulers of Northern Bactria // Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 3. Kamakura, 81–96.
Sellwood D. 1980: An Introduction to the Coinage of Parthia. 2nd ed. L.
Senior R.C. 2001: Indo-Scytian Coins and History. I–III. L.
Shore F.B. 1993: Parthian Coins and History. Ten Dragons Against Rome. Quarryville.
Simonetta A.M. 1971: La monetszione indo-partica ed il suo significato per la cronologia dei Kushana // Rivista italiana di numismatica. LXXIII, 33–47.
Simonetta A.M. 1974: The Indo-Parthian Coinage and its Significance in the Chronology of the Kushan // Центральная Азия в кушанскую эпоху. Труды Международной конференции по археологии, истории и культуре Центральной Азии в кушанскую эпоху. Т. I. М., 283–288.
Simonetta A.M. 2007: Overstrikes, mules modified diesand retouched coins in the Arsacid coinage: a discussion of their significance // Parthica (2006). Pisa–Roma.
Verstandig A. 2001: Histoire de L’empire Parthe (250–227). Bruxelles.
Widemann F. 1977: Contremarques du monnayage indo-grec // Numismatica e antichità classiche. VI, 99–105.
Widemann F. 2009: Les successeurs d’Alexandre en Asie Centrale et leur heritage culturel. P.
Wroth W. 1903: Catalogue of the Coins of Parthia. L. (Reimpres – Bologna, 1964).
Zeymal E.V. 1997: Coins from the excavations of Takht-i Sangin (1976–1991) // Studies in Silk Road Coins, Art and Culture. Papers in honour of Professor Ikuo Hiroyama on his 65th birthday / K. Tanabe, J. Cribb, H. Wang (eds.). Kamakura, 89–110.