1. Journal of Ancient History 4 (283)
  2. Arcani in Ammianus Marcellinus XXVIII. 3. 8

Arcani in Ammianus Marcellinus XXVIII. 3. 8

Danilov Evgeniy S.

Reconsidering the conjectures proposed instead of arcani in Ammianus Marcellinus’ text (areani, angarii), the author supports the manuscript version, which he believes to have clear sense and to be well grounded in the context. In his opinion, arcani were not a military unit, but a group of persons recruited from Roman Britannia for the purposes of intelligence at the frontier near Hadrian’s Wall.

Keywords: Ammianus Marcellinus, Constans I, Valentinianus I, Theodosius the Elder, Britain, Hadrian’s Wall, areani, arcani, exploratores, frumentarii, agentes in rebus
References:
  1. Ammian Marcellin 2005: Rimskaja istorija / Per. Ju.A. Kulakovskogo i A.I. Sonni. M.
  2. Danilov E.S. 2010: Rec.: R.M. Sheldon. Razvedyvatel'naja dejatel'nost' v antichnom Rime: na bogov nadejsja, no proverjaj // Vestnik Pomorskogo universiteta. Ser. «Gumanitarnye i social'nye nauki». 10, 26–32.
  3. Danilov E.S. 2011: Vojna i razvedyvatel'naja dejatel'nost' v antichnom Rime. Jaroslavl'.
  4. Serafimov M.N. 2010: Rimskaja armija v IV v. n.je.: Avtoref. dis. ...kand. ist. nauk. SPb.
  5. Accursius M. (ed.) 1533: Ammianus Marcellinus a Mariangelo Accursio mendis quinque millibus purgatus, & libris quinque auctus ultimis, nunc primum ad eodem inuentis. Augustae Vindelicorum.
  6. Ammian Marcellinus 1956: The Surviving Books of the History of Ammian Marcellinus. Vol. III / J.C. Rolfe (transl.). Cambr.
  7. Austin N., Rankov N.B. 1995: Exploratio. Military and Political Intelligence in The Roman World. L.
  8. Berchem D., van 1955: On Some Chapters of the Notitia Dignitatum Relating to the Defence of Gaul and Britain // AJPh. 2, 138–147.
  9. Birley A.R. 2005: The Roman Government of Britain. Oxf.
  10. Birley E. 1988: The Roman Army. Papers 1929–1986. Amsterdam.
  11. Blum W. 1969: Curiosi und Regendarii. Untersuchungen zur geheimen Staatspolizei der Spätantike. München.
  12. Demandt A. 1972: Die Feldzüge des Älteres Theodosius // Hermes. 1, 81–113.
  13. Dise R. L. 1996: The Beneficiarii Procuratoris of Celeia and the Development of the Statio Network // ZPE. 113, 286–292.
  14. Dixon K.R., Southern P. 1996: The Late Roman Army. New Haven– London.
  15. Donaldson G.H. 1990: A Reinterpretation of RIB 1912 from Birdoswald // Britannia. 21, 207–214.
  16. Drummond S.K., Nelson L.H. 1994: The Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome. N.Y.
  17. Dvornik F. 1974: Origins of Intelligence Services: The Ancient Near East, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, the Arab Muslim Empires, the Mongol Empire, China, Muscovy. New Brunswick.
  18. Egger R. 1929: Der erste Theodosius // Byzantion. 5, 9–32.
  19. Ensslin W. 1934: Theodosius. 9 // RE. II. Reihe. Hlbd 10, 1937–1945.
  20. Frend W.H.C. 1992: Pagans, Christians, and «the Barbarian Conspiracy» of A.D. 367 in Roman Britain // Britannia. 23, 121–131.
  21. Frere S.S. 1987: Britannia: a History of Roman Britain. L.
  22. Gichon M. 1989: Military Intelligence in the Roman Army // Labor omnibus unis: Gerold Walser zur 70. Geburtstag dargebracht von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern / H.E. Herzig, F. Frei-Stolba (Hrsg.). Stuttgart (Historia Einzelschriften 60), 154–170.
  23. Graham M.W. 2009: News and Frontier Consciousness in the Late Roman Empire. Ann Arbor.
  24. Hiltbrunner O. 2005: Gastfreundschaft in der Antike und im frühen Christentum. Darmstadt.
  25. Hunt D. 1998: The Successors of Constantine // CAH. 2nd ed. Vol. XIII / A. Cameron, P. Garnsey (eds.). Cambr., 1–43.
  26. Jarrett M.G. 1994: Non-Legionary Troops in Roman Britain. Part One, the Units // Britannia. 25, 35–77.
  27. Jones M.E. 1996: The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca.
  28. Kamm A. 2004: The Last Frontier: the Roman Invasions of Scotland. Glasgow.
  29. Kiechle F. 1962: Das Gießener Gräberfeld und die Rolle der Regio Translimitana in der römischen Grenzpolitik // Historia. 2, 171–191.
  30. Laing L.R. 1975: The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 400–1200 AD. L.
  31. Lee A.D. 2006: Information and Frontiers. Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity. Cambr.
  32. Mocsy A. 1974: Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. L.
  33. Nelis-Clément J. 2000: Les beneficiarii. Militaires et administrateurs au service de l’Empire (Ier s. a.C. – VIe s. p.C.). Bordeaux.
  34. Nicasie M.J. 1998: Twilight of Empire. The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople. Amsterdam.
  35. Peretz D. 2006: The Roman Interpreter and His Diplomatic and Military Roles // Historia. 4, 451–471.
  36. Potter T.W., Johns C. 1992: Roman Britain. L.
  37. Ramsay J.H. 1889: Areani // The Classical Review. 5, 222.
  38. Rankov N.B. 1994: Die Beneficiarier in den literarischen und papyrologischen Texten // Der römische Weihebezirk von Osterburken II. Kolloquium 1990 und paläobotanische-osteologische Untersuchungen / E. Schallmayer (Hrsg.). Stuttgart, 219–232.
  39. Schallmayer E. 2000: Die Saalburg und die Römer // Hessen. Geschichte und Politik / B. Heidenreich, K. Böhme (Hrsg.). Stuttgart, 21–34.
  40. Seek O. 1894: Angaria // RE. Bd I, 2184–2185.
  41. Sheldon R.M. 2005: Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. Trust in the Gods, but Verify. L.–N.Y.
  42. Snyder C.A. 2003: The Britons. Padstow.
  43. Southern P. 2004: The Army in Late Roman Britain // A Companion to Roman Britain / M. Todd (ed.). Oxf., 393–408.
  44. Southern P. 2007: The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxf.
  45. Stevens C.E. 1955: Hadrian and Hadrian's Wall // Latomus. 14, 384–403.
  46. Tomlin R. 1974: The Date of the «Barbarian Conspiracy» // Britannia. 5, 303–309.
  47. Wagner J.A. 1794: Ammian Marcellin: mit erläuternden Anmerkun­gen. Bd III. Frankfurt am Main.
  48. Ward J.H. 1972: Vortigern and the End of Roman Britain // Britannia. 3, 277–289.
  49. Wright Th. 1852: The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon: a history of the early inhabitants of Britain, down to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. L.